1. desecrate to destroy or damage offensively a sacred object or thing 2. sovereignty accepting the different views or beliefs of others 3. tolerance ultimate authority over a state or an independent state 4. usurp to seize or take something without the right to do so

1. To desecrate something means to destroy or damage offensively a sacred object or thing.  

2. Sovereignty is the ultimate authority over a state or an independent state.  

3. Tolerance means accepting the different views or beliefs of others.  

4. To usurp something means to seize or take something without the right to do so.  

the crusades are one of the most significant events in the history of europe and the middle east.   they were a series of religious wars carried out by christian crusaders from europe during the timeframe of the middle ages.   beginning in 1095 ce, the crusades saw european knights and noblemen travel to the middle east in an attempt to capture the holy land away from muslim people that had controlled the region for the previous centuries.   the term crusade means ‘cross’.   therefore, the europeans that became crusaders viewed themselves as ‘taking up the cross’.   in fact, many of the crusaders wore crosses on their clothing and armor as they made their pilgrimage to the holy land.

explanation:

a.

congress passed laws allowing for free passage between states.