Which factors of west and east africa allowed their cultures to endure this is a short answer question

Both regions had very powerful rulers. The West was reigned by the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Somalia which existed in the centuries around 800 CE and 1350 CE. These were localized along the Niger River. The East was reigned by the Egyptian and Nubian Kingdoms. However, these civilizations developed tenths of centuries earlier than the West. Around 1800 BCE to 1000 BCE.

What both regions had in common were their extensive trade networks. The West traded goods such as gold, copper, and salt in exchange for manufactured goods such as textiles and leather from Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe. The East also had very active trading routes, setting the world's first connections with India and China.

the answer is a) james madison.

the answer is prolly b