Critique the successes and failures of initiatives to establish international peace, such as the war of spanish succession, the war of austrian succession, and the seven years' war

The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that took place between 1756 and 1763. It affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Its main failure was that instead of establishing international peace, it split Europe into two coalitions and created a huge and terrible conflict.  Because of its extent, some historians have described it as "World War Zero", similar in scale to other world wars.

The Spanish Succession was triggered by the death of Charles II of Spain, whose closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families, so as a result, there was an acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by by either, which threatened the European balance of power.  

The Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the issue of Achduchess Maria Theresa's succession to the Habsburg Monerchy.  It also originated several events, such as King George´s War in British America, the War of Jenkins Ear, the First Carnatic War in India, the Jacobite rising of 1745 in Scotland and, finally, the First and Second Silesian Wars.

As a matter of fact, historians believe that these historical events were suposed to unite kingdoms but, besides that, they created chaos and that was their main failure.

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relations between the soviet union and the united states were driven by a complex interplay of ideological, political, and economic factors, which led to shifts between cautious cooperation and often bitter superpower rivalry over the years. the distinct differences in the political systems of the two countries often prevented them from reaching a mutual understanding on key policy issues and even, as in the case of the cuban missile crisis, brought them to the brink of war.

the united states government was initially hostile to the soviet leaders for taking russia out of world war i and was opposed to a state ideologically based on communism. although the united states embarked on a famine relief program in the soviet union in the early 1920s and american businessmen established commercial ties there during the period of the new economic policy (1921–29), the two countries did not establish diplomatic relations until 1933. by that time, the totalitarian nature of joseph stalin's regime presented an insurmountable obstacle to friendly relations with the west. although world war ii brought the two countries into alliance, based on the common aim of defeating nazi germany, the soviet union's aggressive, antidemocratic policy toward eastern europe had created tensions even before the war ended.

the first historical instance of china engaging in internationalism was during the han dynasty.[1] at the start of the han dynasty, the huns in the north were attacking the frontiers of han and trying to obtain riches. emperor wu of han wanted to gain an alliance with a country called dayuezhi so the two countries could join together and fight against the huns.[2] to obtain this alliance, emperor wu sent zhang qian to the west to establish economic and cultural connections.[2] history records that during the han dynasty there were four primary avenues of contact between china and europe. they included the northern land route, the central land route, the southern sea route, and the far southern sea route.[1] the most famous of these routes is the central land route, or the classical silk road, comprising a network of roads stretching from northwest china to the ports of syria and the black sea, which passed through the oasis of the turkestans and northern persia.[1] the silk road was significant for chinese emperors because it provided dominance over central asia by developing resources and provided new markets for the export of china's most valuable resources.[1]