How did japan and china change politically and socially following the age of discovery and expansion

Increasing contact between people led to many exchanges of goods, technology, and ideas. Here are some examples of how cultural exchanges affected people. In Asia, contact with Europeans led to the spread of the Christian religion. European missionaries made converts in India, China, Japan, the East Indies, and the Philippines. In Indonesia, Islam also spread as Muslims competed with the Portuguese for control of trade. At various times, both China and Japan resisted the influence of foreign traders and missionaries. As a result, Europeans had a limited impact on these countries during this period.

the answer is b.2008 and 2012 were presidential election years.