How was sub-saharan africa affected by the european colonization of the americas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Europeans started to get involved in the Slave Trade during the 15th and 16th centuries. But it wasn't until the 17th and 18th centuries that it became a great scale business between Western Africa, Europe and the Americas; millions of Africans were enslaved. Even though Europeans did not maintain any permanent colonies in sub-Saharan Africa until the Dutch started to settle in 1652, slavery was a source of famine, misery and death for millions.    

c. the dred scott v. sandford case,

answer; i believe that the correct answer is (c) arctic tundra;