Zipcar's decision to expand to north american markets was part of its plan; deciding where and how to operate zipcar in selected markets would be the result of its plans.

"Expand to North American markets" is part of Zipcar's strategic plan.

Strategic plans are essentially the company's mission, their long-term plan of where the company wants to be in three, five or even 10 years.

"Deciding where and how to operate in the selected markets" is part of Zipcar's tactical plan.

Tactical plans are made to ensure the strategic plan is accomplished. They are more specific to distinct areas of the organization, so they can fulfill their part of the strategic plan.

by creating a labor shortage that pushed the continent toward a market economy

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts