4. what was a cotton gin? in what industry did factories first develop?

The cotton gin was a machine that made it faster to separate cotton from its seeds.  The cotton industry was the first industry that made the first factory in 1790 based on textile manufacturing from England. The iron industry however was a great leap in mass production using factories. Eli Whitney in 1798 started making interchangeable  parts in rifles.

although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes

"the royal proclamation of 1763"