Why did the shogun close japan to the rest of the world?

a. the rest of the world was the enemy
b. to keep christian missionaries
c. to keep european and asian traders
d. in an effort to remain powerful

Which of these is not a criticism of the concentric zone model? it does not accurately describe cities after the rise of suburban development. it only applies to cities that grew after the development of the automobile. it assumes that inner-city areas will always be repurposed instead of abandoned. it places too much importance on the traditional central business district.