In 732 c. e. charles martel's troops defeated the muslims in france and for over 700 years, the byzantine empire held on to constantinople and a good portion of the balkans. what effect did this have on the expansion of islam?

During its history, france has been a kingdom, an empire, a colonial power and a republic. true or false

What is significant about official languages in russian republics? why would it matter?

Two of these describe "federalism." (choose two answers) select one or more: a. the national government absolutely controls all state governments. b. power is shared by the national and state governments. c. state governments exercise absolute power over the national government. d. it is a compromise meant to eliminate the disadvantages of a "unitary" and a "confederate" system.