What turning point do historians typically use to mark the beginning of the modern era

Scientific Revolution

Explanation:

Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

a.) d-day invasion of normandy.

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independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate