According to the map, which modem european nations had begun to form by 1000 ce? a) france only b) england only c) both spain and france d) both spain and england

France only

Explanation:

By the year of 1000 CE, Europe didn't looked anything like today, if we look at a political map that is. Most of the countries have not existed, nor did they had their beginnings at this period. One of the rare ones that was already established by this year was France, making it the first European nation that formed roughly as we know it nowadays. The later emerging powers like England and Spain don't exist. England is still in the period of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, with Wales and Scotland being separate countries, while most of Spain is under the control of the Muslim caliphates.

he risk-return relationship. generally, the higher the potential return of an investment, the higher the risk. there is no guarantee that you will actually get a higher return by accepting more risk. diversification enables you to reduce the risk of your portfolio without sacrificing potential returns.

explanation: