Sometimes terms can be confusing, especially the “isms.” using the definitions provided, discuss how each of these terms differs from the others, and explain each term in your own words. one method might be to think of a specific situation and describe how it would look differently when referencing each of these terms. fascism: a system of government characterized by strong, often dictatorial control of political and economic affairs, and often by warlike nationalism and brutal suppression of political dissidents and ethnic minorities socialism: a political or economic theory in which community members own all property, resources, and the means of production, and control the distribution of goods nationalism: concern for or devotion to one's own nation, especially desire for national progress or independence communism: the theory of a classless social system in which all property and means of production are owned in common; socialist theory deriving from the works of karl marx and friedrich engels totalitarianism: designating a system of government in which power and authority are highly centralized and intrusive into the lives of private citizens, and in which neither opposing parties nor individual differences in opinion are allowed

when we think of a­ncient paga­n kings, the ideas of justice and fairness probably aren't the first things to come to mind. we moderns may be more likely to imagine fickle, power-hungry despots who were ready to put someone to death on a whim. but king hammurabi, who ruled a prosperous and thriving babyloniaalmost four millennia ago, doesn't quite fit that mold. he claimed to have protect the weak from oppression, and scholars believe he fostered an atmosphere of justice and righteousness for his people.

this belief is based on an object that was discovered only a century ago. it has already earned a place alongside the rosetta stone as one of the most important artifacts of the ancient world. this stela (stone pillar) bears the inscription of the code of hammurabi, and it has shed light on the laws, culture and life in babylonia.

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a hypothesis is an expected answer to a question, usually based on some theory or prior research. hypothesis testing is a method of determining the viability of a hypothesis. let’s use the us presidential election as an example. there are many hypotheses (questions) about how people feel or whom they will vote for. the only way to know the 100% “truth” about the answers to these questions is to ask every single possible voter – something that is impossible, expensive, time consuming etc. instead, we take samples and use statistics to make “best guesses” about the answer to a particular hypothesis. we never know for sure if our conclusion is right at the time we accept/reject it, but these techniques, when used appropriately can get us close to the truth most of the time (which is a lot better than guessing, flipping coins or throwing darts to get answers).

the tricky part about hypothesis testing is that we have to think somewhat backwards about it – we have to test what is known as the “null hypothesis”. as an example, the hypothesis might be “obama is more popular than romney” while the null hypothesis is “there is no difference in popularity between obama and romney”. we focus on the null hypothesis because it tells us exactly what the expected value of our tests should be (obama popularity = romney popularity) and we can collect data and see if it comes out that way (see next section on “significance”). if it does, then we “accept the null hypothesis” and reject our original hypothesis. if the null hypothesis is disproven, we look at the data to see if our original hypothesis holds (obama> romney).

richard nixon

richard nixon won the 1968 us presidential election and he did campaign with the idea of "victory with honor in vietnam