babur (persian: بابر, romanized: bābur, lit. 'tiger'; [2][3] 14 february 1483 – 26 december 1530), born zahīr ud-dīn muhammad, was the founder and first emperor of the mughal dynasty in south asia. he was a direct descendant of emperor timur (tamerlane) from what is now uzbekistan.[4][5]
babur was born in andijan, in the fergana valley, in modern uzbekistan. he was the eldest son of umar sheikh mirza, governor of fergana and great-great grandson of timur. babur ascended the throne of fergana in its capital akhsikent in 1494 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion. he conquered samarkand two years later, only to lose fergana soon after. in his attempt to reconquer fergana, he lost control of samarkand. in 1501, his attempt to recapture both the regions went in vain as he was defeated by muhammad shaybani khan. in 1504, he conquered kabul, which was under the rule of the infant heir of ulugh beg ii. babur formed a partnership with safavid ruler ismail i and reconquered parts of turkistan, including samarkand, only to again lose it and the other newly conquered lands to the sheybanids.
after losing samarkand for the third time, babur turned his attention to the indian subcontinent. at that time, the indo-gangetic plain of the indian subcontinent was ruled by ibrahim lodi of the afghan lodi dynasty, whereas rajputana was ruled by a hindu rajput confederacy, led by rana sanga of mewar. babur defeated ibrahim lodi at the first battle of panipat in 1526 ce and founded the mughal empire. he faced opposition from rana sanga, who first invited babur to defeat ibrahim lodi and then consolidated his forces against the battle weakened forces of babur. the rana was defeated in the battle of khanwa.
babur married several times. notable among his sons are humayun, kamran mirza and hindal mirza. babur died in 1530 in agra and was succeeded by humayun. he was first buried in agra but, as per his wishes, his remains were moved to kabul and reburied.[6] being a patrilineal descendant of timur, babur considered himself a timurid and chagatai turkic.[7] he is considered a national hero in uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan. many of his poems have also become popular folk songs. he wrote the baburnama in chaghatai turkic which was translated into persian during akbar's reign.
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