In the direct democracy of athens, free, native-born male youths were officially enrolled as citizens at age 18. each young man received a shield and spear and
took this oath of allegiance:
"never to disgrace his holy arms, never to forsake his comrade in the ranks, but to fight for the holy temples and the common welfare, alone or with others; to
leave his country not in a worse, but in a better state than he found it to obey the magistrates and the laws, and defend them against attacks; finally to hold in
honor the religion of his country
response # what does this oath reveal about athenian values?
response #2. how do you think these values affected life in athens?

Read the message below from the russian tsar to his cousin, the german kaiser.“an ignoble [not noble] war has been declared to a weak country. the indignation [outrage] in russia shared fully by me is enormous. i foresee that very soon i shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. to try and avoid such a calamity as a european war i beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.”- telegram from tsar nicholas ii to german kaiser wilhelm ii, 1914which of the following best describes the tsar’s message? he worries that the coming war will be blamed on russia.he believes that warfare is immoral.he complains about the pressures he is facing from britain for war.he fears russia will be forced into war by forces outside his control