Emerging shortly after world war ii, uses sophisticated mathematical modeling tools to solve management problems, especially those involving operations.

Operations research or operational research

Explanation:

Using techniques from other sciences such as mathematics, or statistical analysis, operations research reaches optimal solutions to complex problems that arise when making decisions. It places a lot of emphasis on human-technology interaction and its focus is on practical applications, operations research overlaps with other disciplines, particularly industrial engineering and production management, and is based on the psychology and science of the organization. Operations research often deals with determining the extreme values of some real-world objective: the maximum (profit, return or profitability) or minimum (loss, risk or cost). Originated in military efforts prior to World War II, its techniques have grown to deal with problems in different industries.

answer: president kennedy is vowing to protect freedom in this paragraph.

b.   jim crow laws were enacted in northern states.