1. appellate jurisdiction (1) standing: the plaintiff bringing suit has to show actual injury; (2) mootness: the issue must not have been decided already; and (3) ripeness: the claim must be ready to be decided 2. diversity of citizenship a writ is an order from a higher court to a lower court to forward all documents related to the case being appealed for review 3. doctrines limiting judicial review when a court has the power to hear all kinds of cases from civil to criminal 4. federal question the power of a court to adjudicate a case initially or at "first instance" 5. general jurisdiction authority or power to adjudicate a particular legal claim by interpreting laws applicable to that claim 6. judicial review when a federal court has the authority to hear a particular civil case brought by a plaintiff alleging a violation of the constitution, a us law, or a treaty to which the us is party 7. jurisdiction when, upon appeal, a higher court reviews a claim tried by a lower court 8. limited jurisdiction the rule that litigants before the federal court must reside in different states 9. original jurisdiction the power of the judicial branch to review the actions of the legislative and executive branches 10. writ of certiorari when a court has authority over a narrow issue and can only adjudicate claims regarding that particular issue