Opponents/reformers against the laissez-faire doctrine of the late 19th century argued that ?

Laissez-faire is an economic theory which surfaced in the 18th century. This theory opposed any government intervention in the business affairs.

Explanation:

The concept simply states that the less the government is involved in the business affairs and economy, the better off business will be. This theory is a vital part of free market capitalism. But this theory has been criticised immensely in the 19th century. One such crucial criticism that it has faced is that capitalism as a system is attached with moral ambiguities. And it does not protect the weakest of the society. The theory supports working of individuals on their own to increase the societal benefits but the idea of letting the economic system run unsupervised can be dangerous. This also victimises the poor of the society.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

explanation:

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