Were the crusades caused primarily by religious devotion or by the desire for political and economic gain?

They began because of religious devotion.

Explanation:  They Christians were fighting Muslims over region.

yes

explanation:

the fighting words doctrine, in united states constitutional law, is a limitation to freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the united states constitution. in 1942, the u.s. supreme court established the doctrine by a 9–0 decision in chaplinsky v. new hampshire.