all of the following were part of the reform movements of the first half of the 19th century except:

a. public schools

b. labor unions

c. temperance

d. abolitionism

depending on what kind of map for example a pltical maps works in many ways this iss how it works it shows the areas and places the democratics and the repbulcicans reside for example if   texas chooses trump for president there a republican state and if   califronia chooses hillary there a democratic state.

the answer is c have a good day

can not you sorry