Madison hoped that the non-intercourse act would
a. force either britain or france to lift trade restrictions
b. prevent congress from declaring war on either britain or france
c. lead to war britain
d. create an alliance with western native amercians against the british

a. force either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions

a. force either Britain or france to lift trade restrictions

Explanation:

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was signed by Jefferson on March 1, 1809, only two days before the completion of his second presidency. The act allowed U.S. trade with nations other than France and Great Britain, therefore excluding French and British ships from American harbors.

By the time of James Madison's assumption of office, it was expected that one of those countries would remove its restrictions against American trade, in which case the President was authorized to lift restrictions against that country and confirming the restrictions in place against the other.

ghana achieved independence peacefully, while algeria gained independence through an armed struggle.

1.) irish.

2.) settlers could obtain cheap land nearby

3.) steam engine

explanation: