Why did industries in the late 1800s set up business organizations such as trust and holding companies?

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the development of the American economy was based on intensive concentration and centralization of production and capital, monopolization of the economy, and the strengthening of the role of banks and financial capital. In the late 90s of the 19th century, monopolistic associations became the basis of the country's economic life. Monopolies in the USA existed primarily in the form of trusts. Controlling investment in the most important and profitable sectors of the economy, trusts crowded out competitors, conquered and subjugated the domestic market.

The first monopolistic association was the у Rockefeller's Standard Oil (1870), which in 1879 controlled 90% of the country's oil refining industry, and in 1900, 84% of its domestic oil trade and 90% of its exports. In 1901, as a result of the mergers of several large companies, United States Steel - the Steel Trust - was formed, which controlled more than 60% of the country's steel production. In the automotive industry, three companies - Ford, Chrysler, General Motors controlled 80% of the industry. Powerful monopolies operated in the electrical, sugar, tobacco, and other industries.  

Monopolies inflated prices for products, ruining small industrialists, and all this restored the public opinion of the country against them. Under pressure from public opinion in 1890, the Sherman "antitrust" law was passed. After Sherman’s law, a new form of monopoly, holding companies, gained increased distribution.

Holding-type enterprises first appeared in the USA at the end of the 19th century as a kind of financial-type company created to hold controlling stakes in other companies in order to control and manage their activities. The legal basis for the creation of holdings was created in 1889, when in New Jersey, one of the most free states for entrepreneurship, it was allowed to create holding companies.

In the USA, the reason for the emergence of holding companies was the need to circumvent the rules of antitrust law (Sherman Law). Holdings here were created for the sole purpose of obtaining shares in other companies.

Holding companies developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with participants who previously functioned as cartels. Subsequently, in many holdings, there was a centralization of management and the production system. The famous American scientist Chandler notes that those holdings that were not centralized and did not integrate later either disbanded, or they were threatened with bankruptcy.

Explanation:

from the conditions of the working class in england by friedrich engels,the main idea is :

alliances in ww1 were different from ww2 because the entente in ww1 made up of serbia,russia,france,britan,japan and italy later america  and all allied in a sort of balance of power and too keep germany,austria-hungary,and the ottomans down. russia allied the serbians in order to exert its influence in the balkans while france allied the russians because france was still in dismay and insulted after the defeat to the germans during the unification of germany and britian allied the belgians after the germans invasion of belgium.in ww2 the alliances were in a preemptive attempt to deter any further wars into happening while germany and italy allied since they were insulted and humiliated after the previous war while also sharing a similar ideology of facsim along with japan which all 3 had a want for world domination and agreed to assist one another in the endevours 

explanation: