"what they [the franks] learned from the arabs was indispensible in their subsequent expansion. the heritage of greek civilization was transmitted through arab intermediaries. in medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [franks] drew their knowledge from arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed in the realm of industry, the europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar."
the passage above best illustrates which of the following?
(a) the effects of integral development of culture and technology
(b) the effects of civilization on the development of american culture and technology
(c) the effects of interregional contact on the development of european culture and technology
(d) none of the above