Why did cities grow in the late 1800s, and how did this affect city residents?

Explanation: Industrial expansion and population growth radically changed the face of the nation's cities.

The population growth was because of the expansion of industry, U.S. cities grew by about 15 million people in the two decades before 1900. Many of those who helped account for the population growth of cities were immigrants arriving from around the world.

the correct answer for the first is d

small european communities with shared traditions consolidated into large new states (apex)