1. how is the "south" defined in her article?
2. list the ideas, the agricultural, mineral, and manufactured products and the inventions that she associates with "southernization."
3. what places were the ideas, agriculture, minerals, and manufactured products associated with.
4. what were the major contributions of indians, malays, chinese, and arabs to hemispheric development?
5. according shaffer, what role did the arabs and mongols play in the spread of "southernization"?
6. why does she say that northwestern europeans were most fully participating in the "southernization" process only after they acquired tropical colonies?
7. do you agree with her thesis? why or why not?