1. how does the quotation, "newton stood on the shoulders of giants” summarize
the scientific revolution?

The quotation, "Newton stood on the shoulders of giants” summarize  the Scientific Revolution by discovering the truth by building on previous discoveries.

Explanation:

Sir Isaac Newton, who lived in the 17th Century was a mathematician, theologian, astronomer, and author. He was recognized as the most powerful scientist and the important key to the Scientific Revolution. He quoted as "standing on the shoulders of giants" which actually meant about utilizing the prior information on works.

Thus it can help to derive an exact and complete understanding of the physical world using Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy. Like Kepler started speaking about the laws of Planetary motion then Galileo resolved the motion of the earth and advanced in the laws of gravity.

But newton is the one who finally concluded the laws of motion and combined it with the Kepler's law. Galileo already suggested them and it was declined by the church. Newton solidified his laws and proved to the universe about his theory and calculations.

the church governed the society after the empire fell.   constantine took charge of rome and ended the confusion which had over religion and made christianity as the only religion and that started ruling the roman empire. he also divided the empire into two and fortified the eastern part.   he ruled the eastern part.