How successful were european attempts to establish missions and trade
in ming and qing china?

Ming had no interest in Europe, Europe had little to offer in exchange for silks and porcelains, Chinese demanded payment in gold or silver, Ming eventually allowed Portuguese a trading post at Macao and later let Dutch, English, and other Europeans trade with Chinese merchants, foreigners could only trade at Canton under supervision, Chinese welcomed Portuguese missionaries to learn about Renaissance Europe, Ricci won friends among scholarly class in China, Qing dynasty took over, Qing maintained Ming policy of restricting foreign traders

Explanation:

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c) troops march forward in close formation against newer, more accurate weapons