Two causes for greek colonization and expansion throughout the mediterranean were: constant enemy invasions poor soil for agriculture overcrowding of city-states the search for new trading outlets

Overcrowding of city-states

               The search for new trading outlets

Explanation:

The colonization period of Greece wich took place between the 8th and 6th century BC  was spurred up the need of raw materials and resourses, coupled with the demand for luxury goods and a population explosion. Innovative agricultural techniques as well as widespread availability of better farming tools led to increassingly better crop yields and population growth. Farm land became increassingly scarcer, and political pressure led city states to fund and command colonization enterprises with the objective of supply their need for extra resourses, alliviating the overcrowding problem many cities faced at the time. The groth of these colonies into cities or trading posts had the added benefit of creating new trading centers that could further enrich the metropolis or mother city of the colony either by exporting raw materials or manufactured goods back and forth between the settlements.

Poor soil

and

overcrowding of the city states.

Explanation:

i believe the correct answer is option b. most eastern european nations joined nato.

though i could be wrong, option d. the eastern european nations were granted complete independence, would be another choice.

hope this ! : )

uncle sam would be tossing and turning in his grave : *)