4. which european leader attacked maria-theresa of austria in the war of austrian succession
a. frederick il of prussia
b. joseph ii of austria
c. peter the great of russia
d. catherine the great of russia

The correct answer is A: Frederick II of Prussia.

Explanation:

The War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Frederic II of Prussia invaded a Habsburg province of Silesia, ruled by Maria-Theresa.

Frederic II of Prussia invaded Maria-Theresa under the pretext that she could not inherit the Habsburg throne from her father since the Salic law strictly forbade women to inherit the throne.  

The war ended after signing the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. Maria-Theresa was named as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary.

hello there the answer is a

sorry if i am wrong hope that : )

the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.