In what ways did african americans challenge such entrenched white supremacy? specifically, with so many avenues closed, what kinds of entities and institutions did black folks use to express politics and culture?

the new jersey plan most resembles the articles of confederation.

the monroe doctrine is the best known u.s. policy toward the western hemisphere. buried in a routine annual message delivered to congress by president james monroe in december 1823, the doctrine warns european nations that the united states would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.