How was germany punished for wwi?

it was forced to pay war reparations
they were forced to sign the "war guilt" clause and accepted blame for the entire war.
it had to give up territory in the homeland and its overseas colonies.
all the above

All the above

Explanation:

d is the answer. leo should include the source.

the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).