How did jim crow laws, poll taxes, and literacy tests affect blacks in the period following the civil war?

By the 1890s the expression “Jim Crow” was being used to describe laws and customs aimed at segregating African Americans and others

Explanation:

The Jim Crow Laws are mainly aimed at segregating the African American people. These laws were in existence since 1876 to 1965 which paved the ways for racial segregation and provided legal basis for this practice. The law has been named after folk trickster named Jim Crow who was popular among the Afro American slaves.

These laws opposed the contact between whites and Afro American slaves besides this it had given limited freedom and opportunity. Segregation was practiced in school, in the form of separate textbooks for whites and Afro American, hospitals, jails and in old age homes.

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islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]