The counter-reformation was
a. the rise of calvinists against lutherans.
c. the spiritual reform of the catholic church.
b. the rise of catholics against lutherans.
d. the spiritual reform of the lutheran church.

THE ANSWER IS C. the spirtual reform of the catholic church 

It developed as a reaction to the impact of european colonialism in africa on peoples of african descent. in the  mid-20th century, activists in africa adopted pan-africanism as a rallying cry for independence from colonial rule. some african pan-africanists sought to unite the continent as one independenthope it was useful