1. congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the
2. representatives shall be
apportioned among the several
states according to their respective
numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each state.
3. congress may by law provide for the
case wherein neither a president
elect nor a vice president elect shall
have qualified, declaring who shall
then act as president.. popular sovereignty
limited government
separation of powers