Others, especially jews living in poland and russia, fled to avoid

Germany

Explanation:

That's probably what they would want to avoid depending on what time this question is asking from.

polling is a process and the outcome is not involved in the process itself.

the outcome, which is an unfavorable rating for a particular candidate is not affected by the mechanical process of polling.

it rather depends on the number of people voting in favor of the candidate.

this is an outcome of people's preferences.

the use of email to replace slower surface mail.