Why and how did large cities become what one commentator called “seedbeds for reform” in the nineteenth century?

The large cities were called “seedbeds for reform” in the nineteenth century

because of the challenges experienced which required reformation and as

reference points in terms of high development.

There were several issues such as denser populations, poor labour services

etc which had to be addressed before proper absorption of urbanization and

industrialization into such cities.

After reformation, the cities became more developed and had a lot of basic

amenities which catered for the needs of the growing population.

Read more about  Reformation here link

Because of the various technological and industrial advancement, there was huge growth of cities in America.

Explanation:

Many new possibilities if employment were opened in America which allowed many immigrants to occupy in order to have a better livelihood. Transatlantic railroad construction companies observed Asians to be the cheapest form of labor and many Chinese were employed in the construction of it. Urbanization in America led to the growth of busy commercial cities like Boston, New York and Philadelphia.

Textile mills and many sweat shops attracted the women workers too. Although, cities sprang up to be developed during the nineteenth century, it also paved way for many reform movements like labor union movements, women suffrage movements.

"a government in which power is divided between state and national levels". federalism is a system of government in which entities such and state and province, share power with the national government.

for the 2 countries u can do china and america because america has a democratic government while china has a communist government.

a democracy is a government run by the people either by directly voting or indirectly by electing representatives. an oligarchy is a government run by a few or a small group of people. a democracy and oligarchy are similar because both in an oligarchy and an indirect democracy, a small group of induvial determine the laws for a large group of people they are different because in an oligarchy it is easier to control and they do not have to answer to a large number of people in the country, unlike a democracy where they do have to answer to a large number of people an county that is a democracy would be the united states. a country that is an oligarchy would be the china.