Marbury v. madison (1803)
in 1803, the new united states govern-
ment under the constitution was still develop-
ing. the constitution clearly divided power
among legislative, executive, and judicial
branches. it was not so clear, however, what
would be the role of the judicial branch. one
of its powers was to "check and balance" the
power of the executive and legislative
branches. in other words, it would decide
court cases in which the other two branches
were accused of violating the constitution.
the case of marbury v. madison to
clarify the supreme court's role and power.
in the last days of john adam's presi-
dency, william marbury was appointed
justice of the peace in the district of colum-
bia. several others were also appointed to
government positions. since these last
minute appointments were never finalized,
thomas jefferson refused to recognize them.
marbury disagreed and went to court to get
his job. he argued that the judiciary act, a
law passed by congress, provided a way for
the supreme court to get him his job.
john marshall, the chief justice of the
supreme court, realized that this act gave
powers to the supreme court that were not
part of the constitution. marshall's decision
would show what happens when a law passed
by congress conflicts with the constitution.
marshall ruled that the constitution was
the highest law of the land. if a law conflicts
with the constitution it is not valid, since the
constitution is the highest law. the supreme
court accomplished what it was supposed to
do. it used its power of judicial review to
examine the actions of the executive branch,
in this case, president jefferson. this case
proved to everyone that the supreme court
has the final say in interpreting the constitu-
tion. this case define the role of the
supreme court in the american political
system.

genetics is the study of how dna works, the methodologies defining the new recent technologies allow scientist to have a panoramic view of the entire dna landscape, especially how genomes interact with their environment, including off course, factors outside their organisms.

thus is very possible the existence of both scenarios, where populations of isolated individuals have different genetic traits, and share traits related to genetic mutation, due rats can easily travel overseas using human transport channels. so scientists could get a vast number of data, including human interaction, evolution of rodents, health development, spread of infections, development of new organisms, how genomes evolve in different environments and so on.

whats the question? im not quite understanding your question.

paul willis (born 1950) is a british social scientist known for his work in sociology and cultural studies. paul willis' work is widely read in the fields of sociology, anthropology, and education, his work emphasizing consumer culture, socialization, music, and popular culture. he was born in wolverhampton[1] and received his education at the university of cambridge and at the university of birmingham. he worked at centre for contemporary cultural studies and subsequently at the university of wolverhampton. he was a professor of social/cultural ethnography at keele university. in the autumn of 2010, he left keele university and is now a professor at princeton university.

paul willis’s work has focused mainly, but not exclusively, on the ethnographic study of lived cultural forms in a wide variety of contexts. from highly structured to weakly structured ones, willis examines how practices of `informal cultural production` to produce and construct cultural worlds `from below`.[2]

trained in literary criticism at cambridge,[2] paul willis received his phd in 1972 from the centre for contemporary cultural studies at birmingham university where he remained as senior research fellow until 1981. he gave a paper at the 9th symposium of the natiohnal deviancy conference in january 1972 entitled 'a motor-bike subculture

during the 1980`s willis served as youth policy adviser to wolverhampton borough council in the english midlands. there he produced the youth review (published by the council and ashgate) which formed the basis for youth policy and for the formation of the democratically elected youth council, both still functioning. during the 1990s he served first as head of the division of media, communications and cultural studies, and then as a member of the professoriate at the university of wolverhampton. in 2000 willis co-founded the sage journal, ethnography. in 2003 willis was hired as a head professor of social and cultural ethnography at keele university.