Alasting effect of islam in africa was

a: arabian history.
b: increased literacy.
c: egyptian writing.
d: ethiopian culture.

the federalist party which advocated strong centralization dominated the united states government till 1800. so 1800 election transformed the power from one party to another party for the first time and was thus a turning point in american history. so jefferson called it "revolution of 1800".

explanation:

d. migration of french settlers into english colonies