Which was a characteristic of feudalism in both medieval Europe and Japan?

1 - Merchants acquired more power than any other class.
2- Political power was held by a strong central government.
3- The army encouraged strong national feelings among the people.
4- People pledged absolute lovalty to their social superiors.

4- People pledged absolute loyalty to their social superiors.

Explanation:

It´s curious, but feudal society in both Japan and Europe is characterized by a rigid social structure supported by religious principles to a large extent. Feudal Europe was Christian, and it was believed that a person social place was determined by God´s will. In Japan, Buddhism and Confucianism endorsed a rigid social order. In both cases , there were usually very few chances for a person to move upwards in the social ladder. In both medieval Japan and medieval Europe all people had to sworn in and show loyalty to superiors; peasants to their lords, the feudal lords to the king or the shogun.

congress also has implied powers, which derive from the necessary and proper clause of the constitution and permit congress "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the united states.