What does Turner mean when he says that American development has "exhibited advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line"? How has this frontier line allowed Americans to "modify and develop" their European influences?

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like dude you only explained

the problem not the

“a committee reviews the bill and marks it up to make it more viable and to reflect interests 

"the attempts of the proletariat to rise above this abasement"

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]