Which political theory has been interpreted to mean that a president can shield critical information from congress as a result of the separation of powers?

It´s executive privilege.

Explanation:

The supporter of the president´s executive privilege say that he can shield sensitive information from Congress if there´s a risk to national security, or his acts to preserve US national security exempt him from legal liability, enjoying legal immunity.

i think the answer is a and i hope this ; ))

well that depends on how deep the hole is. you'd first go through te crust of the earth, then the upper mantle, then the lower mantle then the outer core, then the inner cor then you'd be stuck in the core to melt.