What outside factor most directly contributed to the formation of enclaves in cities

The correct answer is Housing discrimination

Housing discrimination takes many forms:

A real estate agent shows you apartments in one neighborhood and not another because of your race.

An owner refuses to rent to you due to your Section 8 voucher

An owner makes an inappropriate comment about their gender, ethnicity, religion or disability.

You have small children and the owner says he can't rent it for you because the apartment has lead paint.

okay but whats the question.

explanation:

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.