Journalist Walter Lippmann suggested that
a. polling, even when done scientifically, cannot be trusted because it is in people's nature to be dishonest in response to political questions.
b. effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results.
c. pollsters have more effect on the outcome of presidential elections in recent decades than have the people who do the voting.
d. polling had provided political parties with even more entrenched power, reducing the influence of third party candidates.
e. the dominance of polling has brought about an ideological shift toward the more radical ends of the political spectrum among elected representatives.

Option B, Effective government cannot be run by politicians that base their public opinions on poll results, is the right answer.

Explanation:

In the 20th century, Walter Lippmann was the most influential reporter and political commentator in the United States. He coined the term stereotype and introduced the theory of the Cold War. In his book, "Public Opinion" he has implied that the public issues can no longer be judged rationally by the ordinary people. The very reason for this is that the media produces slogans instead of interpretations. Moreover, he suggested that those leaders cannot run an effective government who found their public opinions on poll outcomes.

the enslaved people onboard suffered from illness with some frequency

b: the establishment clause  

b: socialism