During a study of lichens and air quality in part of China, scientists measure the thickness of lichens and estimate how many rocks and trees are covered with lichens in one town. The scientists are following the scientific cycle of observing while using a systematic process, establishing facts, explaining facts, and then returning to the systematic process to collect more facts.

When scientists carefully measure the lichens and agree on their average thickness and how often they appear, which parts of the scientific cycle are the scientists using?

A- process and facts, because they are using a systematic method to measure and then record data

B- process and facts, because they are observing lichens and air quality and describing why they are related

C- explanation and process, because they are using a systematic method to measure and then record data

D- explanation and process, because they are observing lichens and air quality and describing why they are related

1. Answer;

A. so the data can be proven in the scientist’s next experiment

Explanation;

Metric system is the standard or primary system that is accepted and used in science all over the world.

Metric system  is utilized all over the word thus making it possible for scientists  to be in a position to share data verify and ascertain that the results presented by other scientists and the methods used.

2. Answer;

A. resistance to change

Explanation;

Pseudoscience involves a system of theories and assertions concerning the nature which appear to be scientific but in real sense they are not. For example, astrology is viewed as pseudoscience.

Pseudoscience is characterized by; contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims, lack of openness to evaluation by other experts, reliance on confirmation bias, etc.

3. Answer;

A. Observable and objective

Explanation;

Scientific facts should be verifiable such that they should rest upon sense data, they should be based on evidence that is verifiable.

Scientific facts should be open to further investigation, that is they should be falsifiable and repeatable. Also they should observable and objective. They should open to further investigations and also flexible in case new facts emerge they can be changed.

4. Answer;

D. Ethics

Explanation;

Since research involves humans participants and also human subjects, it involves complex and specific ethical, legal social and political notions.

Ethics in research entails the evaluation of ethical issues that are raised when human beings as involved as participants  or subjects in research

The major problem with the testing of the Ebola vaccines will be the recruitment of people who are going to volunteer to have the Ebola virus inserted into their system so that the potency of the vaccines can be tested. A lot of ethical challenges surround this.

5. Answer;

Pseudoscience is often based only on opinions.

Pseudoscience often involves explanations of beliefs.

Pseudoscience includes subjective ideas.

Explanation;

Pseudoscience involves a system of theories and assertions concerning the nature which appear to be scientific but in real sense they are not.

Pseudoscience is characterized by; contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims, lack of openness to evaluation by other experts, reliance on confirmation bias, etc.

6. Answer;

A objective

Science does not rely objective on ideas based on opinions instead of facts because science works to avoid the influence of opinions and beliefs.

Explanation;

Science knowledge is objective which means the ability to observe and accept facts as they are, and not as individuals would want them to be.

Objectivity entails the ability to guard science knowledge against their own biases, wishes, values, beliefs and preferences.

7. Answer;

A.  Process and facts, because they are using a systematic method to measure and then record data

Explanation;

Scientists and researchers use scientific investigation to answer questions about the daily occurrence of certain events about the world. It also entails communicating the outcome or results to the individuals around the world.

Scientific investigation may be descriptive, comparative or experimental investigation.

8. Answer;

B. Scientific, because observations of brain growth and chemicals are made carefully and repeatedly

Explanation;

A claim refers to a statement or a conclusion that intend to answer the original problem or question.

The claims are scientific because they are falsifiable, repeatable and reproducible, which means just like scientific experiments they can be proved.

9. Answer;

B. There are probably very few astronauts with twin siblings.

Explanation;

All scientific experiments should follow certain principles of proper investigation in order for the results obtained at the end of the experiment to be considered credible.

A well designed scientific experiment should have features that allow scientists to eliminate extraneous variables as an explanation for the relationship observed between dependent variable and independent variables.

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