With whom did Pope Gregory VII clash?

What form of government is powers of states? first letter of the answer is r.

What is the main social system that existed in ancient china?

How did the war of 1812 contribute to an increase in u.s. manufacturing? a) the war provided more resources for factories to increase production. b) the war promoted trade between countries so that americans could focus on fighting. c) the war cut americans off from their previous supply of imported manufactured goods. d) the war limited transportation in america, making it necessary to import manufactured goods.