6. Name two subjects in which books published in the

1500s challenged established ideas.

7. How were people able to learn from books in ways

that they couldn't before printing was invented?

8. What large group of

Europeans was unable to do this?

9. Why might some people in power want to censor

books and other printed matter?

Please help

6.

One of these subjects was astronomy. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published his famous book  De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) which placed the Sun at the centre of the Universe. This was revolutionary at the time. Another subject was that of religion. Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517, and this work completely transformed the religious panorama of Europe for centuries to come.

7.

Before printing, books were hand-made and hand-written, one by one. This was a very slow and expensive process. Because of this, books were extremely expensive and rare, and they were not available to the vast majority of people. With the invention of the printing press, however, this changed. The printing process became cheaper and faster, leading to more availability of books.

8.

Many people were not able to access these books, even after the printing press was developed. For example, illiterate people (who were the vast majority of the population) could not access books, as they did not know how to read. Poor people were also unable, as they were not able to afford a book. Finally, women were often illiterate, even those who came from rich families, and thus were unable to read a book.

9.

Books and other printed matters encourage people to think. They also make people more open to take new information in and to question the beliefs that they think they have. This can be dangerous for people in power, as it might lead subjects to question whether the power should be held in this way or whether other alternatives are possible.

the hereditary right of a monarch to rule from the mandate of heaven

the bar kochba rebellion (132-135) against the roman empire, also known as the second jewish-roman war, was the second major jewish revolt in judea and the last of the great jewish-roman wars.

after the first jewish-roman war of the years 66-73, the roman authorities took measures to crush any new attempt of rebellion in judea. his political situation was modified and instead of a prefect a governor of praetorian rank was appointed, and in the ruins of jerusalem the seat of a complete roman legion, the legio x fretensis was established.

the political and religious direction of the jewish people was left in the hands of the sanhedrin, with initial headquarters in yavne.

the direct causes of the rebellion vary according to the source. the roman historian dio cassius (155-229) attributes the revolt to the decision of hadrian to found in the place of jerusalem a roman city called aelia capitolina (aelia by its own name and capitolina in honor of the roman god jupiter). on the other hand, the jewish sources, while recognizing this resolution as true, assign higher priority to the decrees dictated by hadrian that forbade the brit milah (circumcision), the respect of the sabbath and the laws of purity in the family.

hadrian's intention was to "civilize" and incorporate the jews once and for all into the greco-roman culture. for greek and roman culture, circumcision was an intolerable mutilation.

the jewish tradition tells in the midrash tanjuma a meeting between rabbi akiva and the governor turnus rufus, where he asked for an explanation about the circumcision.

an additional legion, the legio vi ferrata, moved to the province to maintain order, and work began in the year 131 after the governor of judea, turnus rufus performed the founding ceremony of aelia capitolina. a roman coin with the inscription aelia capitolina was struck in the year 132.

the tannaim rabbi akiva, who without being named nasi directed the sanhedrin, convinced the other members to support the imminent rebellion.

the jewish leaders carefully planned the second rebellion to avoid the numerous errors that had been committed in the first one. in the year 132 the rebellion led by bar kochba quickly expanded from modiim throughout the country, defeating the x roman legion based in jerusalem and destroying the xxii roman legion that had come from egypt.