What was the general direction of lines on the underground railroad

Which one of the following figures was not a major leader of a latin american independence movement? a) simon bolívar b) ignaious of loyola c) josé de san martin d) father hidalgo e) francisco de miranda

In the debate over independence, which of these are arguments a loyalist would have made? check all that apply.

After the civil war which president was called a "carpetbagger"?