How did the islands make the development of Rome difficult

This made it difficult for people to cross from one side of the peninsula to the other.

Stephen a. douglass coined it

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .