What does this paragraph tell us about approving treaties?

"At times, a President has had to turn to roundabout methods in order to achieve his [treaty) goals. When a Senate minority defeated a treaty to annex Texas, President John Tyler was able to bring about annexation in 1845 by encouraging passage of a joint resolution-a move that required only a majority vote in each house. In 1898, President William McKinley used the same tactic to annex Hawaii."

Use the passage to answer the question.

a. The treaty-making process is always followed exactly as it is described in the Constitution.
b. A minority of Senators usually control the treaty-making process.
c. A treaty can be approved by the House of Representatives instead of the Senate.
d. President's are able to use tools other than official treaties to achieve agreements with other countries.