.What were the long-term consequences of the 2000 election?

The election of 2000 will have a deep and lasting effect on the elections that will follow. It seems almost certain to result in election law reforms. Some reforms will focus on the modernization of ballots and voting machines; it is clear that the old machines and paper ballots are outmoded and inaccurate. A uniform ballot seems likely to be in place before too long. Other reforms will produce more precise legal procedures for dealing with recounts, so that we are not confronted with the same confusion that caused so much trouble in 2000. Yet other reforms may standardize times for voting across the nation in presidential elections so that voters in the western part of the country are not misled or discouraged from voting by reports from the eastern states; some people believe that voters on the West Coast did not vote because they thought the election had already been decided.  

Whether any changes in the Electoral College will result is less clear. Despite many criticisms directed at the institution, it has been an integral part of the American political system for a long time and serves the interests of smaller states that are likely to resist its abolition.  

No one can easily say in the future that his or her ballot doesn't count. The incredibly tight result will energize party workers to get out every possible vote in future presidential elections.

Explanation:

c. as a force against soviet invasion of afghanistan

the answer is option a.