How did changes in manufacturing in the late 1700s and early 1800s affect people living in cities in the North?
Fewer people worked in factories as water-powered machines increasingly replaced laborers.
Factories used interchangeable parts and water power, so workers’ hours became shorter.
Factories employed more people, including women and children, for lower wages and longer hours.
As factory employment became less widely available, people began leaving the cities to work in agriculture.

In 911, a group of vikings lead by rollo besieged paris and chartres. after a victory near chartres on 26 august, charles decided to negotiate with rollo. the talks were led by hervé, the archbishop of reims. this resulted in the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte, which granted rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river epte and the sea. it also granted him brittany, "for his livelihood". at the time, brittany was an independent land which france had not been able to conquer. in exchange, rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. also rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry gisela, the king's daughter. the territory given rollo is about the same as upper normandy.